The focus of conventional employment policy is on creating ‘more work’. People without work and in receipt of benefits are viewed as a drain on the state and in need of assistance or direct coercion to get them into work. There is the belief that work is the best form of welfare and that those who are able to work ought to work.
This particular focus on work has come at the expense of
another, far more radical policy goal, that of creating ‘less work’. Yet, as I
will argue below, the pursuit of less work could provide a route to a better
standard of life, including a better quality of work life.
The idea that society might work less in order to enjoy life
more goes against standard thinking that celebrates the virtue and discipline
of hard work. Dedication to work, so the argument goes, is the best route to
prosperity. There is also the idea that work offers the opportunity for
self-realisation, adding to the material benefits from work. ‘Do what you love’
in work, we are told, and success will follow.
But ideologies such as the above are based on a myth that
work can always set us free and provide us with the basis for a good life. As I
have written elsewhere,
this mythologizing about work fails to confront – indeed it actively conceals –
the acute hardships of much work performed in modern society. For many, work is
about doing ‘what you hate’.
Here I want to address another issue that is overlooked in
conventional policy debates. This is the need to diminish work. Working less
presents several advantages. One is the opportunity to overcome the anomaly of
overwork for some and unemployment for others. Sharing out work more evenly
across the available population by reducing average working time would enable
those who work too much to work less and those do not work at all to partake in
some work. Another advantage is the opportunity to enhance the quality of work by
reducing drudgery and extending opportunities for creative active in work.
Reducing work time, in this sense, can be as much about realising the intrinsic
rewards of work as reducing its burdensome qualities.
Economists may cry foul that a reduction in working time
will add to firm costs and lead to job losses (mainstream economics accuses advocates
of shorter work hours of succumbing to the ‘lump of labour fallacy’
and of failing to see the extra costs of hiring additional workers on shorter
hours contracts). One retort to this is that longer work hours are not that productive.
Shorter work hours may actually be more productive if they increase the morale
and motivation of workers. In practice, we could achieve the same standard of
living with fewer hours of work.
But the more profound question is whether we should be
asking society to tolerate long work hours for some and zero work hours for
others. Surely society can achieve a more equitable allocation of work that
offers everyone enough time to work and enough time to do what they want? A
reduction in work time, it can be argued here, would offer a route to such an
allocation.
There is also the deeper issue of whether we should be
measuring the value of our lives by what we produce. The
cult of productivity crowds out other more ‘leisurely’ ways of living that can
add to human well-being. Challenging this cult and seeking ways to lighten the
burden of work could allow us all to live better lives inside and outside of
work.
Arguments for
shorter work time have a long history. Keynes, for example, gave support to a
reduction in working time as a way of achieving full employment. In a letter to the poet TS Eliot in 1945, Keynes suggested that ‘less work’
represented the ‘ultimate solution’ to unemployment. Keynes also saw
merit in using productivity gains to reduce work time and famously looked
forward to a time (around 2030) when people would be required to work
15 hours a week. Working less was a part of Keynes’s vision of a ‘good society’.
Marx, from a radically different perspective, saw a
reduction in working time as an essential ingredient of a future communist
society. Work was part of the ‘realm of
necessity’ and via the use of technology it could be curtailed as a way to
expand the ‘realm of
freedom’ in which people could realise their creative capacities in activities
of their own choosing. Marx importantly thought that under communism work in
the ‘realm of necessity’ could be fulfilling as it would elicit and harness the
creativity of workers. Whatever irksome work remained in the realm of necessity
under communism again could be lessened by the harnessing of technology.
Yet another advocate of shorter work time was J.S.
Mill. He dismissed the ‘gospel of work’ proposed by Thomas Carlyle in part
because it drew a veil over the real costs of work, including slave work that
Carlyle sought to defend. Instead, Mill advocated a ‘gospel of leisure’,
arguing that technology should be used to curtail work time as far as possible.
This stress on technology as a means to shorten work time was later to feature
in Bertrand
Russell’s 1932 essay, ‘In Praise of Idleness’.
The essential ideas of the above writers resonate still today. They cut through romantic views of work and show how human progress depends on society performing less not more work. Although developed in radically different ways, their ideas point to a future where the burden of work is lighter and more time is available for free creative activity. At least in the case of Marx, there is still the prospect of turning work into a fulfilling activity, but the latter objective is seen as achievable only within the context of a situation in which work time is reduced. Less work is seen as a necessary foundation for better work.
Ultimately, the reduction in working time is about creating more opportunities for people to realise their potential in all manner activities including within the work sphere. Working less, in short, is about allowing us to live more. Let’s work to achieve it.
** This post originally appeared here. It was reposted here and here.
